For details about porcine circovirus vaccines, visit the Compendium of Swine Products.

This section contains key references that highlight pivotal research in the PCV2 arena.
References are listed alphabetically by author.

Dorr PM, Baker RB, Almond GW, Wayne SR, Gebreyes WA. Epidemiologic assessment of porcine circovirus type 2 coinfection with other pathogens in swine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;230(2):244-50.
This study identified important disease-causing pathogens in PCV2-infected pigs in relation to pig age and type of swine production system. In PCV2-positive pigs, coinfections with swine influenza virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus are important. These coinfections have the greatest effect in the early to late nursery phase and three-site production systems.

Opriessnig T, Meng XJ, Halbur PG. Porcine circovirus type 2-associated disease: Update on current terminology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and intervention strategies. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007;19(6):591-615.
This article provides up-to-date information on PCVAD diagnosis and management.

Hoogland MJ, Opriessnig T, Halbur PG. Effects of adjuvants on porcine circovirus type 2-associated lesions. J Swine Health Prod 2006;14(3):133-9.
This article demonstrates that vaccines containing mineral oil adjuvants can be trigger factors in PCVAD when pigs are infected around the same time as vaccination with a mineral oil adjuvant-containing product.

Krakowka S, Ellis J, McNeilly F, Waldner C, Allan G. Features of porcine circovirus-2 disease: correlations between lesions, amount and distribution of virus and clinical outcome. J Vet Diagn Invest 2005;17:213-22.
This research demonstrates the linear relationship between the amount of virus in the pig and the appearance of clinical disease signs (as viral load increases, the likelihood of clinical disease increases).

Segalés J, Allan GM, Domingo M. Porcine circovirus diseases. Anim Health Res Rev 2005 Dec;6(2):119-42.
This review summarizes what is known about PCV2 and PCVAD, including postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, and reproductive disorders.

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